tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30143912024-03-07T00:29:16.039-08:00halaman cokelat./halaman cokelatkutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.comBlogger534125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-87297933808630366672015-12-15T06:58:00.002-08:002015-12-15T06:58:46.057-08:00How facts backfire<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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How facts backfire</h1>
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Researchers discover a surprising threat to democracy: our brains</h2>
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By
<a href="http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=Joe+Keohane&camp=localsearch:on:byline:art">Joe Keohane</a>
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July 11, 2010
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It’s one of the great
assumptions underlying modern democracy that an informed citizenry is
preferable to an uninformed one. “Whenever the people are well-informed,
they can be trusted with their own government,” Thomas Jefferson wrote
in 1789. This notion, carried down through the years, underlies
everything from humble political pamphlets to presidential debates to
the very notion of a free press. Mankind may be crooked timber, as Kant
put it, uniquely susceptible to ignorance and misinformation, but it’s
an article of faith that knowledge is the best remedy. If people are
furnished with the facts, they will be clearer thinkers and better
citizens. If they are ignorant, facts will enlighten them. If they are
mistaken, facts will set them straight.</div>
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In the end, truth will out. Won’t it?</div>
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Maybe
not. Recently, a few political scientists have begun to discover a
human tendency deeply discouraging to anyone with faith in the power of
information. It’s this: Facts don’t necessarily have the power to change
our minds. In fact, quite the opposite. In a series of studies in 2005
and 2006, researchers at the University of Michigan found that when
misinformed people, particularly political partisans, were exposed to
corrected facts in news stories, they rarely changed their minds. In
fact, they often became even more strongly set in their beliefs. Facts,
they found, were not curing misinformation. Like an underpowered
antibiotic, facts could actually make misinformation even <em>stronger</em>.</div>
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This
bodes ill for a democracy, because most voters — the people making
decisions about how the country runs — aren’t blank slates. They already
have beliefs, and a set of facts lodged in their minds. The problem is
that sometimes the things they think they know are objectively, provably
false. And in the presence of the correct information, such people
react very, very differently than the merely uninformed. Instead of
changing their minds to reflect the correct information, they can
entrench themselves even deeper.</div>
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“The
general idea is that it’s absolutely threatening to admit you’re
wrong,” says political scientist Brendan Nyhan, the lead researcher on
the Michigan study. The phenomenon — known as “backfire” — is “a natural
defense mechanism to avoid that cognitive dissonance.”</div>
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These
findings open a long-running argument about the political ignorance of
American citizens to broader questions about the interplay between the
nature of human intelligence and our democratic ideals. Most of us like
to believe that our opinions have been formed over time by careful,
rational consideration of facts and ideas, and that the decisions based
on those opinions, therefore, have the ring of soundness and
intelligence. In reality, we often base our opinions on our <em>beliefs</em>,
which can have an uneasy relationship with facts. And rather than facts
driving beliefs, our beliefs can dictate the facts we chose to accept.
They can cause us to twist facts so they fit better with our
preconceived notions. Worst of all, they can lead us to uncritically
accept bad information just because it reinforces our beliefs. This
reinforcement makes us more confident we’re right, and even less likely
to listen to any new information. And then we vote.</div>
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This effect is only
heightened by the information glut, which offers — alongside an
unprecedented amount of good information — endless rumors,
misinformation, and questionable variations on the truth. In other
words, it’s never been easier for people to be wrong, and at the same
time feel more certain that they’re right.</div>
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“Area
Man Passionate Defender Of What He Imagines Constitution To Be,” read a
recent Onion headline. Like the best satire, this nasty little gem
elicits a laugh, which is then promptly muffled by the queasy feeling of
recognition. The last five decades of political science have
definitively established that most modern-day Americans lack even a
basic understanding of how their country works. In 1996, Princeton
University’s Larry M. Bartels argued, “the political ignorance of the
American voter is one of the best documented data in political science.”</div>
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On
its own, this might not be a problem: People ignorant of the facts
could simply choose not to vote. But instead, it appears that
misinformed people often have some of the strongest political opinions. A
striking recent example was a study done in the year 2000, led by James
Kuklinski of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He led an
influential experiment in which more than 1,000 Illinois residents were
asked questions about welfare — the percentage of the federal budget
spent on welfare, the number of people enrolled in the program, the
percentage of enrollees who are black, and the average payout. More than
half indicated that they were confident that their answers were correct
— but in fact only 3 percent of the people got more than half of the
questions right. Perhaps more disturbingly, the ones who were the <em>most </em>confident
they were right were by and large the ones who knew the least about the
topic. (Most of these participants expressed views that suggested a
strong antiwelfare bias.)</div>
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Studies
by other researchers have observed similar phenomena when addressing
education, health care reform, immigration, affirmative action, gun
control, and other issues that tend to attract strong partisan opinion.
Kuklinski calls this sort of response the “I know I’m right” syndrome,
and considers it a “potentially formidable problem” in a democratic
system. “It implies not only that most people will resist correcting
their factual beliefs,” he wrote, “but also that the very people who
most need to correct them will be least likely to do so.”</div>
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What’s
going on? How can we have things so wrong, and be so sure that we’re
right? Part of the answer lies in the way our brains are wired.
Generally, people tend to seek consistency. There is a substantial body
of psychological research showing that people tend to interpret
information with an eye toward reinforcing their preexisting views. If
we believe something about the world, we are more likely to passively
accept as truth any information that confirms our beliefs, and actively
dismiss information that doesn’t. This is known as “motivated
reasoning.” Whether or not the consistent information is accurate, we
might accept it as fact, as confirmation of our beliefs. This makes us
more confident in said beliefs, and even less likely to entertain facts
that contradict them.</div>
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New research,
published in the journal Political Behavior last month, suggests that
once those facts — or “facts” — are internalized, they are very
difficult to budge. In 2005, amid the strident calls for better media
fact-checking in the wake of the Iraq war, Michigan’s Nyhan and a
colleague devised an experiment in which participants were given mock
news stories, each of which contained a provably false, though
nonetheless widespread, claim made by a political figure: that there
were WMDs found in Iraq (there weren’t), that the Bush tax cuts
increased government revenues (revenues actually fell), and that the
Bush administration imposed a total ban on stem cell research (only
certain federal funding was restricted). Nyhan inserted a clear, direct
correction after each piece of misinformation, and then measured the
study participants to see if the correction took.</div>
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For
the most part, it didn’t. The participants who self-identified as
conservative believed the misinformation on WMD and taxes even <em>more </em>strongly
after being given the correction. With those two issues, the more
strongly the participant cared about the topic — a factor known as
salience — the stronger the backfire. The effect was slightly different
on self-identified liberals: When they read corrected stories about stem
cells, the corrections didn’t backfire, but the readers did still
ignore the inconvenient fact that the Bush administration’s restrictions
weren’t total.</div>
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It’s unclear
what is driving the behavior — it could range from simple
defensiveness, to people working harder to defend their initial beliefs —
but as Nyhan dryly put it, “It’s hard to be optimistic about the
effectiveness of fact-checking.”</div>
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It
would be reassuring to think that political scientists and
psychologists have come up with a way to counter this problem, but that
would be getting ahead of ourselves. The persistence of political
misperceptions remains a young field of inquiry. “It’s very much up in
the air,” says Nyhan.</div>
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But
researchers are working on it. One avenue may involve self-esteem. Nyhan
worked on one study in which he showed that people who were given a
self-affirmation exercise were more likely to consider new information
than people who had not. In other words, if you feel good about
yourself, you’ll listen — and if you feel insecure or threatened, you
won’t. This would also explain why demagogues benefit from keeping
people agitated. The more threatened people feel, the less likely they
are to listen to dissenting opinions, and the more easily controlled
they are.</div>
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There are also
some cases where directness works. Kuklinski’s welfare study suggested
that people will actually update their beliefs if you hit them “between
the eyes” with bluntly presented, objective facts that contradict their
preconceived ideas. He asked one group of participants what percentage
of its budget they believed the federal government spent on welfare, and
what percentage they believed the government should spend. Another
group was given the same questions, but the second group was immediately
told the correct percentage the government spends on welfare (1
percent). They were then asked, with that in mind, what the government
should spend. Regardless of how wrong they had been before receiving the
information, the second group indeed adjusted their answer to reflect
the correct fact.</div>
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Kuklinski’s study,
however, involved people getting information directly from researchers
in a highly interactive way. When Nyhan attempted to deliver the
correction in a more real-world fashion, via a news article, it
backfired. Even if people do accept the new information, it might not
stick over the long term, or it may just have no effect on their
opinions. In 2007 John Sides of George Washington University and Jack
Citrin of the University of California at Berkeley studied whether
providing misled people with correct information about the proportion of
immigrants in the US population would affect their views on
immigration. It did not.</div>
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And
if you harbor the notion — popular on both sides of the aisle — that
the solution is more education and a higher level of political
sophistication in voters overall, well, that’s a start, but not the
solution. A 2006 study by Charles Taber and Milton Lodge at Stony Brook
University showed that politically sophisticated thinkers were even less
open to new information than less sophisticated types. These people may
be factually right about 90 percent of things, but their confidence
makes it nearly impossible to correct the 10 percent on which they’re
totally wrong. Taber and Lodge found this alarming, because engaged,
sophisticated thinkers are “the very folks on whom democratic theory
relies most heavily.”</div>
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In an
ideal world, citizens would be able to maintain constant vigilance,
monitoring both the information they receive and the way their brains
are processing it. But keeping atop the news takes time and effort. And
relentless self-questioning, as centuries of philosophers have shown,
can be exhausting. Our brains are designed to create cognitive shortcuts
— inference, intuition, and so forth — to avoid precisely that sort of
discomfort while coping with the rush of information we receive on a
daily basis. Without those shortcuts, few things would ever get done.
Unfortunately, with them, we’re easily suckered by political falsehoods.</div>
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Nyhan
ultimately recommends a supply-side approach. Instead of focusing on
citizens and consumers of misinformation, he suggests looking at the
sources. If you increase the “reputational costs” of peddling bad info,
he suggests, you might discourage people from doing it so often. “So if
you go on ‘Meet the Press’ and you get hammered for saying something
misleading,” he says, “you’d think twice before you go and do it again.”</div>
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Unfortunately,
this shame-based solution may be as implausible as it is sensible.
Fast-talking political pundits have ascended to the realm of highly
lucrative popular entertainment, while professional fact-checking
operations languish in the dungeons of wonkery. Getting a politician or
pundit to argue straight-faced that George W. Bush ordered 9/11, or that
Barack Obama is the culmination of a five-decade plot by the government
of Kenya to destroy the United States — that’s easy. Getting him to
register shame? That isn’t.</div>
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<em>Joe Keohane is a writer in New York. </em></div>
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© Copyright 2012 Globe Newspaper Company.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-57432244247491605742012-12-27T07:55:00.001-08:002012-12-27T07:55:36.168-08:00duh!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
you are my bridge over this troubled water...</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-71767790891827383412010-04-21T20:37:00.000-07:002010-04-21T20:59:22.323-07:00So what do you have to do to find happiness?<span style="font-weight:bold;">Are we wired up to be cheerful, or are some of us destined to languish in abject misery? Dorothy Wade reports on the new science of feeling good</span><br /><br />Behind the neoclassical facade of the Royal Institution, in London's Mayfair, the latest in a 200-year series of lectures was taking place in a hushed amphitheatre this summer. Standing on the shoulders of scientific giants such as Faraday and Dewar were three academics debating "Happiness, the science behind your smile". <br /><br />Purists might imagine the founding geniuses of the Royal Institution turning in their graves. What does science have to tell us about such a frivolous subject? And how do you define happiness, let alone study it? But happiness has finally burst out of the academic closet. Several weighty volumes on the subject have been published this year. And on the same night as the RI event, the economist Lord Layard and the psychiatrist Dr Raj Persaud were debating the Politics of Happiness at the London School of Economics just a mile away.<br /><br />Perversely, happiness has a negative image in our culture. Influenced by a sceptical European philosophical outlook, we think of happiness as a trivial pursuit for the Oprah generation, a Shangri-La perpetuated by self-help gurus. Isn't it selfish to try to increase our happiness, while much of the world faces suffering and premature death?<br /><br />Great writers from Freud — "the intention that man should be happy is not included in the plan of Creation" — to Philip Larkin — "man hands on misery to man" — have painted happiness as an elusive butterfly. But ordinary people believe they are happier than average (an obvious impossibility) and that they'll be even happier in 10 years' time. If true, it would be good news because research shows that happier people are healthier, more successful, harder-working, caring and more socially engaged. Misery makes people self-obsessed and inactive.<br /><br />These are the conclusions of a burgeoning happiness industry that has published 3,000 papers, set up a Journal of Happiness Studies and created a World Database of Happiness in the last few years.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Can scientists tell us what happiness is?</span><br /><br />Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state.<br /><br />Public surveys measure what makes us happy. Marriage does, pets do, but children don't seem to (despite what we think). Youth and old age are the happiest times. Money does not add much to happiness; in Britain, incomes have trebled since 1950, but happiness has not increased at all. The happiness of lottery winners returns to former levels within a year. People disabled in an accident are likely to become almost as happy again. For happiness levels are probably genetic: identical twins are usually equally bubbly or grumpy.<br /><br />One thing makes a striking difference. When two American psychologists studied hundreds of students and focused on the top 10% "very happy" people, they found they spent the least time alone and the most time socialising. Psychologists know that increasing the number of social contacts a miserable person has is the best way of cheering them up. When Jean-Paul Sartre wrote "hell is other people", the arch-pessimist of existentialist angst was wrong.<br /><br />America has pursued the chimera of happiness vigorously, not least through the insatiable consumption of self-help literature such as Climb Your Stairway to Heaven: 9 Tips for Daily Happiness! So it is no surprise that it's an American who is making happiness a subject of scientific study. At first glance, Martin Seligman's bestselling book Authentic Happiness, with its sunshine-yellow title on a sky-blue cover, blends with other manuals on the pop-psychology shelves. But America's latest guru of feeling good is not a stage hypnotist, an evangelical preacher or even a business visionary. Seligman is an eminent professor of psychology with a string of degrees. One of the chief architects of the prevailing model of depression, his work has helped to found modern "cognitive" therapies.<br /><br />The man who's trying to do for happiness what Newton did for gravity has found it a scarce commodity in life. Seligman describes himself as a "walking nimbus cloud" who spent 50 years "enduring mostly wet weather in my soul". Feeling out of place as a chubby 13-year-old Jewish kid at a wealthy college, he hit on the role of therapist as a route to the hearts of unattainable girls. "What a brilliant stroke! I'll bet no other guy ever listened to them ruminate about their insecurities, nightmares and bleakest fantasies."<br /><br />As a psychology graduate working in animal- behaviour labs, Seligman discovered "learned helplessness" and became a big name. Dogs who experience electric shocks that they cannot avoid by their actions simply give up trying. They will passively endure later shocks that they could easily escape. Seligman went on to apply this to humans, with "learned helplessness" as a model for depression. People who feel battered by unsolvable problems learn to be helpless; they become passive, slower to learn, anxious and sad. This idea revolutionised behavioural psychology and therapy by suggesting the need to challenge depressed people's beliefs and thought patterns, not just their behaviour.<br /><br />Now Seligman is famous again, this time for creating the field of positive psychology. In 1997 the professor was seeking a theme for his presidency of the American Psychological Association. The idea came while gardening with his daughter Nikki. She was throwing weeds around and he was shouting. She reminded him that she used to be a whiner but had stopped on her fifth birthday. "And if I can stop whining, you can stop being a grouch."<br /><br />Seligman describes this as an "epiphany". He vowed to change his own outlook, but more importantly recognised a strength — social intelligence — in his daughter that could be nurtured to help her withstand the vicissitudes of life. Looking back on "learned helplessness", he reflected that one in three subjects — rats, dogs or people — never became "helpless", no matter how many shocks or problems beset them.<br />"What is it about some people that imparts buffering strength, making them invulnerable to helplessness?" Seligman asked himself — and now he's made it his mission to find out.<br /><br />Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.<br /><br />A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently.<br /><br />Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He wanted to revolutionise psychology, but his weapon would be tough science. Clinical psychology was the science of how to get from minus five to zero. This would be the science of getting from zero to plus five. Seligman wanted experiments, he wanted statistics, he wanted proof.<br /><br />He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.<br /><br />Their holy grail is the classification of strengths and virtues. After a solemn consultation of great works such as the samurai code, the Bhagavad-Gita and the writings of Confucius, Aristotle and Aquinas, Seligman's happiness scouts discovered six core virtues recognised in all cultures: wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence. They have subdivided these into 24 strengths, including humour and honesty.<br /><br />But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved?<br />Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below. And this takes us back to our evolutionary past.<br /><br />Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats.<br /><br />But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals.<br /><br />Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modern world."<br /><br />Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. When life runs smoothly, we're on autopilot — we're only in a state of true consciousness when we notice the stone in our shoe.<br /><br />Of the six universal emotions, <span style="font-weight:bold;">four</span> — <span style="font-weight:bold;">anger</span>, <span style="font-weight:bold;">fear</span>, <span style="font-weight:bold;">disgust</span> and <span style="font-weight:bold;">sadness</span> — are negative and only one, <span style="font-weight:bold;">joy</span>, is positive. (The sixth, <span style="font-weight:bold;">surprise</span>, is neutral.) According to the psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action. Fear tells us danger is near, so run away. Anger prompts us to deter aggressors. Sadness warns us to be cautious and save energy, while disgust urges us to avoid contamination.<br /><br />Joy, according to Nettle, simply tells us, "something good has happened, don't change anything". The evolutionary role of pleasure was to encourage activity that was good for survival, such as eating and having sex. But unlike negative emotions, which are often persistent, joy tends to be short-lived. We soon get sick of cream cakes or blasé about our pay rise.<br /><br />What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images — a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing — the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain.<br /><br />The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.<br /><br />Professor Richard Davidson at the University of Wisconsin has scanned brains in different emotional states. When he wired up a Buddhist monk entering a state of bliss through meditation, he found electrical activity shooting up the frontal lobe of the monk's brain on the left side. Observing toddlers at play, he picked some who were exuberant and uninhibited, behaviour linked to higher levels of positive emotion, and others who were quiet and shy. Tested later, the inhibited toddlers showed greater activity on the brain's right side; activation of the lively toddlers' brains was on the left. Happiness and sadness are lopsided.<br /><br />Modern humans, stuck with an ancient brain, are like rats on a wheel. We can't stop running, because we're always looking over our shoulders and comparing our achievements with our neighbours'. At 20, we think we'd be happy with a house and a car. But if we get them, we start dreaming of a second home in Italy and a turbo-charged four-wheel-drive.<br /><br />This is called the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_treadmill"><span style="font-weight:bold;">hedonic treadmill</span></a>" by happiness scholars. It causes us to rapidly and inevitably adapt to good things by taking them for granted. The more possessions and accomplishments we have, the more we need to boost our level of happiness. It makes sense that the brain of a species that has dominated others would evolve to strive to be best.<br /><br />Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions — the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens — that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.<br /><br />At the Royal Institution, Nettle explained how brain chemistry foils our pursuit of happiness in the modern world: "The things that you desire are not the things that you end up liking. The mechanisms of desire are insatiable. There are things that we really like and tire of less quickly — having good friends, the beauty of the natural world, spirituality. But our economic system plays into the psychology of wanting, and the psychology of liking gets drowned out."<br /><br />Liking involves different brain chemicals from wanting. Real pleasure is associated with opioids. They are released in the rat brain by sweet tastes. When they are blocked in humans, food tastes less delicious. They also dampen down pain so that pleasure is unadulterated.<br /><br />Happiness is neither desire nor pleasure alone. It involves a third chemical pathway. Serotonin constantly shifts the balance between negative and positive emotions. It can reduce worry, fear, panic and sleeplessness and increase sociability, co-operation, and happy feelings. Drugs based <br />on serotonin, such as ecstasy, produce a relaxed sense of wellbeing rather than the dopamine pattern of euphoria and craving.<br /><br />In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and it's no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.<br /><br />Psychologists such as Seligman are convinced you can train yourself to be happier. His teams are developing new positive interventions (treatments) to counteract the brain's nagging insistence on seeking out bad news. The treatments work by boosting positive emotion about the past, by teaching people to savour the present, and by increasing the amount of engagement and meaning in their lives.<br /><br />Since the days of Freud, the emphasis in consulting rooms has been on talk about negative effects of the past and how they damage people in the present. Seligman names this approach "victimology" and says research shows it to be worthless: "It is difficult to find even small effects of childhood events on adult personality, and there is no evidence at all of large effects."<br /><br />The tragic legacy of Freud is that many are "unduly embittered about their past, and unduly passive about their future", says Seligman. His colleague Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy after becoming disillusioned with his Freudian training in the 1950s. Beck found that as depressed patients talked "cathartically" about past wounds and losses, some people began to unravel. Occasionally this led to suicide attempts, some of which were fatal. There was very little evidence that psychoanalysis worked.<br /><br />Cognitive therapy places less emphasis on the past. It works by challenging a person's thinking about the present and setting goals for the future. Another newcomer, brief solution-focused therapy, discourages talk about "problems" and helps clients identify strengths and resources to make positive changes in their lives.<br /><br />The focus of most psychotherapy is on decreasing negative emotion. The aim of Seligman's therapy is to increase positive emotion (positive and negative emotions are not polar opposites and can co-exist: women have more of both than men). From the time of Buddha to the self-improvement industry of today, more than 100 "interventions" have been tried in the attempt to build happiness. Forty of these are being tested in randomised placebo-controlled trials by Seligman and his colleagues.<br /><br />In one internet study, two interventions increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms for at least six months. One exercise involves <span style="font-weight:bold;">writing down three things that went well and why, every day for a week</span>. The other is about<span style="font-weight:bold;"> identifying your signature strengths and using one of them in a new and different way every day for a week</span>. A third technique involves <span style="font-weight:bold;">writing a long letter to someone you're grateful to but have never properly thanked, and visiting them to read it out in person</span>.<br /><br />Seligman and his graduate students weep tears of joy when they do this exercise, but most Brits would probably rather be miserable than do it. So it's a relief to hear that it doesn't work particularly well. It has strong, but only brief, effects.<br />Seligman speculates that doing more exercises for longer would bring greater benefits. Hundreds of thousands of people have registered with his website www.reflectivehappiness.com — where, for $10 a month, they are given a happiness programme including instruction in a package of positive exercises.<br /><br />Sylvia Perkins, a 73-year-old retired librarian from south Michigan tried the <span style="font-weight:bold;">"Savour a Beautiful Day"</span> task. Her husband died of lung cancer four years ago, and after a recent mild stroke she moved into an assisted living community. "The move has been very difficult for me and I've been trying to fight off the feeling that I've just come here to die. When I heard about this exercise, I decided to give it a try, because it seemed like a hopeful thing to do."<br /><br />She spent her "beautiful" day <span style="font-weight:bold;">going through photos and mementoes and making scrapbooks for each of her children</span>. She also <span style="font-weight:bold;">wrote them letters about her most precious memories of them and stuck them in the albums</span>. "This exercise helped me feel reconnected to my children. I have felt more hopeful about my situation. I realise that my health prognosis is really quite good and I am confident that I will have many more years to share with my family."<br /><br />Positive psychology has a schmaltzy American feel that might not translate well into a British setting. Dr Nick Baylis of Cambridge University is working with colleagues to "tweak" positive psychology for "British ears". He calls his research the "study of wellbeing" rather than the science of happiness. As a forensic psychologist, he worked with young offenders at Feltham and decided that studying what went wrong in damaged lives was not productive. "I had looked at broken lives. Now I wanted to look at lives that go well."<br /><br />He founded the charity Trailblazers to give young offenders positive role models. In his Young Lives research project, he interviewed hundreds of accomplished people from Kate Adie to Jamie Oliver about their strategies for making the most of life. Their advice and ideas can be found in www.YoungLivesUK.com and in the book Wonderful Lives.<br /><br />When Baylis went to Cambridge as Britain's first lecturer in positive psychology, he was treated as a "neo-Nazi", he says. The study of happiness was a "taboo subject". He sent an e-mail to colleagues who might have an interest in wellbeing, and received a reply from only one, Professor Felicia Huppert. She studies the secrets of a happy, productive old age, and theirs is now a fruitful collaboration. The British approach to wellbeing also emphasises <span style="font-weight:bold;">good physical health</span> and <span style="font-weight:bold;">diet</span>, <span style="font-weight:bold;">proper sleep</span>, <span style="font-weight:bold;">relaxation</span> and <span style="font-weight:bold;">exercise</span>, and <span style="font-weight:bold;">spending time in the natural environment</span>.<br /><br />Given its famously bad health and diet, Glasgow is a city in need of positive medicine. It's become a live laboratory for the new science. Last month, Professor Seligman paid his second visit to Glasgow's Centre for Confidence and Wellbeing, to spread the happiness gospel to Scottish teachers, coaches and businessmen as part of the Vanguard programme, backed by the Scottish Executive. The sceptical Scots seem to welcome Seligman's empirical approach.<br /><br />Dr Carol Craig, who runs the centre, is passionate about curing Scotland's epidemic of pessimism and low self-esteem. She points to many indicators of malaise: the Scottish suicide rate is double the English one, and antidepressant prescribing is 40% higher. A new UN report says that Scotland is the most violent country in the developed world. Scottish children are among the least confident anywhere, according to the World Health Organization.<br /><br />Craig believes that the dark, forbidding nature of Calvinist religion is responsible for the dour Scottish psyche. "We're a culture that encourages feelings of lack of self-worth. We're a culture that goes out of its way to make sure people don't feel good about themselves," says Craig.<br /><br />From a young age, Scots are taught humility, modesty and conformity. Scottish humour often pokes fun at those who "get above their station". Craig speculates that the high rate of emigration from Scotland has denuded the country of optimists and left too many pessimists behind. Could any of this be linked to the fact that men in one part of Glasgow, Shettleston, have a life expectancy of 64? (Scottish men, on average, live to 73.) And that west Scotland is the unhealthiest region in Europe, with high rates of heart disease, cancer and strokes? Has anyone found a causal link between happiness and health?<br /><br />Nuns may hold the answer. Nuns make a great natural experiment, because they lead the same routine lives with similar diets and activities. None have married or had children. Yet there is huge variation in their health and longevity. In 1932, 180 novices in Milwaukee wrote short sketches of their lives. One wrote: "God started my life off well by bestowing upon me grace of inestimable value. The past year has been a very happy one." She lived to 98 in wonderful health.<br /><br />Another wrote a joyless and neutral sketch, ending: "With God's grace, I intend to do my best for our Order." She died after a stroke at the age of 59. Researchers who quantified positive feeling in all 180 sketches discovered that nearly all (90%) of the happiest quarter were still alive at 85. But of the least cheerful quarter, only a third survived to that age.<br /><br />Another piece of the jigsaw fitted this year when a team from University College London tested the happiness levels of 216 middle-aged civil servants in a study of risk factors for coronary heart disease. People who had the most happy moments per day had the lowest rates of cortisol, a hormone that can be harmful if produced excessively, and of the chemical plasma fibrinogen, a predictor of heart disease. The happiest men (but not women) also had the lowest heart rates.<br /><br />Angela Clow, professor of psychophysiology at Westminster University, is a world authority on the biochemistry of stress. "There is clear evidence that stress makes you susceptible to illness, but I wanted to turn this around and discover how happiness makes you healthier. There's not a lot of happiness research in the UK, because if you do it, people think you're trivial," says Clow.<br /><br />In one experiment, she and colleagues blindfolded participants and wafted smells of chocolate, water and rotten meat under their noses. Then they measured levels of secretory IgA, an antibody that protects the body against invading cells, in their saliva. Chocolate sent the antibody levels soaring up; rotten meat brought them down. Clow found that <span style="font-weight:bold;">pleasant music</span> also <span style="font-weight:bold;">boosted the immune system</span>, as did stimulating the left side of the brain with magnetism.<br /><br />Comparing patients in a day-surgery waiting room with music and art on the walls against one with no music and plain white walls, Clow found that the art and music patients had lower heart-rates, blood pressure and cortisol, and needed less sedation before their surgery.<br /><br />"But why should <span style="font-weight:bold;">happiness</span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">have</span> such <span style="font-weight:bold;">an effect on the immune system</span>?" asks Clow. She speculates that there is an evolutionary mechanism. Our happiest ancestors were bold creatures who socialised and ventured out to explore. This brought them into contact with infection, so they needed higher levels of antibodies in a stronger immune system.<br /><br />But repeated stress weakens us. The stress response temporarily increases the level of cortisol, a vital hormone that regulates the whole immune system. This is a healthy response, designed to produce fight or flight only in cases of real danger. Unfortunately, the daily hassles of modern life induce repeated stress in some of us, subjecting our bodies to frequent pulses of cortisol. This unbalances the immune system and makes us ill.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Laughter</span> and <span style="font-weight:bold;">humour</span> are also being studied for their effects on health. Research methods include using a tickle machine, and probing with electrodes to find the funny parts of the brain. Laughter, like stress, increases blood pressure and heart rate and changes breathing. But unlike stress, it reduces levels of chemicals circulating in the body. In one study, people's cortisol and adrenaline were reduced after watching a favourite comedy video for 60 minutes.<br /><br />It's difficult to resist the logic of the happiness doctors. Stay in your Eeyore-ish bubble of existentialist angst and have a life that's short, sickly, friendless and self-obsessed. Or find a way to get happy, and long life, good health, job satisfaction and social success will be yours. You'd better start writing that gratitude letter now.kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-28357860445580158182010-04-12T23:00:00.000-07:002010-04-12T23:06:22.349-07:00episode #12994indomie tak pernah ingkar janjikutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-17511251945758160682010-02-23T23:19:00.000-08:002010-02-23T23:23:14.018-08:00first post on 2010it's still just two months onto 2010, yet i have broken my career year-resolution.<br /><br />perhaps indeed it's time to move on...Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-88313707802794007802009-06-08T18:49:00.000-07:002009-06-08T18:54:18.381-07:00Yé Ké Yé Ké - Mory KanteBi sounkouroun lou la donkégna ah ah<br />Bi kamberen lou la donkegna ah ah<br />I madji I ma yélé<br />I kanan n'bila nara ro<br />N'bo n'bolo bila<br />Kanfalani yana sara le ila<br />Gnin kisse gbela serra le ils<br />Yékéké nimo yé ké yé ké<br />Ké woyé boli lalé<br />N'na doni kassi kan<br />Woyé boli lalé<br />Eh eh<br />Nyé n'ta soron akono mi ma ta I yonfé<br />Wo dén té soron lonkéléna<br />Sini Mory la diyandé<br />Timba bara wouloukounta<br />Souba ma kata I yala<br />Ah sara lila<br />Yékéké nimo yé ké yé ké<br />Djely mousso ni kédjou to wara bo<br />M'ba mofila téma yan féouUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-81387430480448254832009-02-02T07:19:00.001-08:002009-02-02T07:19:29.601-08:00Mobile Music Library<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/3171839899/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1112/3171839899_15269ebebe_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/3171839899/">iPod</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/gundul/">aip_</a></span></div>So portable, so easy to use.. Love it..<br /><br />Wondering apa perlu nabung buat ambil 1 lagi..<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-57728701009823335892009-01-21T23:58:00.001-08:002009-01-21T23:58:54.235-08:00Tubelover CD Buffer 6SN7<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/12839613@N05/1396895679/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1424/1396895679_1edb09228a_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/12839613@N05/1396895679/">Tubelover CD Buffer 6SN7</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/12839613@N05/">Tubelover</a></span></div>pengen bikin sendiri...<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-14888669152454763112009-01-14T04:37:00.000-08:002009-01-14T04:42:23.406-08:00Indo-StarTrek Nonton Bareng<a target="_blank" href="http://www.indo-startrek.org/promo/STXI/"><br /><img src="http://www.indo-startrek.org/promo/STXI/images/banner3.jpg" width="400" height="161" style="border: 1px solid #333333"></a>kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-85194866255775758992009-01-13T18:31:00.001-08:002009-01-13T18:31:10.387-08:00Ikut Blind-test Amplifier @SAS<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/goa2008/3154781965/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3154781965_9499e4d842_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/goa2008/3154781965/">Kembar: LM3876-Premium Alex (Kiri) dan LM3876 Aip (Kanan)</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/goa2008/">GOA2008</a></span></div>dan kalah... so many things to learn :)<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-85020167989778561722009-01-11T18:37:00.001-08:002009-01-11T18:37:38.045-08:00PreAmp Tube 6111 SRPP<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/10909456@N06/3097911179/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3114/3097911179_e1cb2be6e9_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/10909456@N06/3097911179/">PreAmp Tube 6111 SRPP</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/10909456@N06/">unoselecta</a></span></div>700rb...<br /><br />nabung ah...<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-396125728758010552009-01-05T17:51:00.001-08:002009-01-05T17:51:27.847-08:00South Jakarta Early Morning<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/3171839891/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3102/3171839891_163c31d8dd_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/3171839891/">South Jakarta Early Morning</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/gundul/">aip_</a></span></div>Kemarin berangkat dari rumah jam 6:30, sampai kantor jam 7:20.<br /><br />Hari ini berangkat jam 6:05, sampai kantor jam 6:40.<br /><br />Kepagian.<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-78249224132660510032008-12-14T20:32:00.001-08:002008-12-14T20:32:12.798-08:00WMD<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/3109796150/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3051/3109796150_5937d52434_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/3109796150/">WMD</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/gundul/">aip_</a></span></div>The man who threw the WMD shout to Bush: "This is your goodbye gift" and on the second shot said "This is for all the widows, orphans and men killed in Iraq"...<br /><br />Beauty...<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-2367123832868703702008-11-27T19:44:00.001-08:002008-11-27T19:44:44.300-08:00Olivia_06<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/5000km/2333749802/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2087/2333749802_a47de01a32_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/5000km/2333749802/">Olivia_06</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/5000km/">5000km</a></span></div>Nice songs, nice singer... Too bad I can't afford her CDs for now<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-91685652349811890022008-11-26T00:43:00.000-08:002008-11-26T00:46:23.901-08:00episode #12491coklat hari ini enak...kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-47221975377720570902008-10-29T23:54:00.000-07:002008-10-29T23:55:21.484-07:00SCANBOOT.ASM<pre><br />;--------------------------------------------------------<br />; Program Name : SCANBOOT.ASM (SCAN BOOT Viruses)<br />; Porgram Type : ANTI VIRUS<br />; Penulis : Kutu Busuk<br />; ZeroBit Tech. Research & Development.<br />; Sourcer : Editor TP 5.5<br />; Compiler : TASM 2.0 + TLINK 2.0<br />; Program Code : I#05.930326.930423.07.$03<br />;--------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />ESCAPE equ 27<br />JmlVir equ 15<br />JmlID equ 3<br />OneRec equ 11<br /><br />Code Segment<br /> Assume CS:Code,DS:Code<br /> Org 100h<br /><br />Begin:<br /> Jmp Start<br /><br />DUMMY db 13,'** SCANBOOT.ASM - (C)93xxxx, ZeroBit **',10,1Ah<br /><br />JUNK db 13,'ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿',13,10<br /> db '³ Ada perubahan tidak sah... ³Ü',13,10<br /> db 'ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙÛ',7,13,10,'$'<br /> db ' ßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßß',7,13,10,'$'<br /><br />COPYRIGHT db 13,'** SCANBOOT R1.0 - (C)1993, ZeroBit TR&D **',10<br /> db 13,'Masukkan disk di drive a: dan tekan tombol...$'<br />BATAL db 13,'Dibatalkan...' ,13,10,'$'<br />BACADISK db 13,'Membaca disk...' ,13,10,'$'<br />ERROR db 13,'Gagal akses...' ,13,10,'$'<br />NOVIR db 13,'Virus tak ketemu...' ,13,10,'$'<br />ADAVIR db 13,'Disk kena virus ' ,13,10,'$'<br /><br />Ctr db 0<br />Drive db ?<br /><br />Vir db 000, 233,172,000, 'Michael'<br /> db 000, 235,078,144, 'DenZuko'<br /> db 000, 235,041,144, 'Ohio '<br /> db 103, 192,205,019, 'Hacker2'<br /> db 043, 250,250,008, 'Hacker '<br /> db 000, 233,013,001, 'H&Dee '<br /> db 000, 235,064,000, 'Sapta '<br /> db 005, 233,153,000, 'Stoned '<br /> db 003, 051,192,142, 'Mystic2'<br /> db 000, 233,170,000, 'VPV1 '<br /> db 000, 235,031,144, 'Joshi '<br /> db 043, 250,051,192, 'Robert '<br /> db 043, 250,250,140, 'Voodoo '<br /> db 043, 250,250,250, 'STMIK '<br /> db 001, 233,074,001, 'Brain '<br /><br /> ;--ofs---virus id-----name---<br /> ; 1 > panjang 1 record<br /> ; 1 2 3 4 5678901 > adalah 11 byte<br /><br />Start:<br /> mov ax,ds<br /> mov es,ax<br /><br /> lea dx,COPYRIGHT ; cetak copyright<br /> call cetak ; dan tanya drive...<br /><br /> xor ax,ax ; baca keyboard<br /> int 16h<br /><br /> cmp al,ESCAPE ; esc ?<br /> jne short noesc ; bukan ! lompat ke NOESC<br /><br /> lea dx,BATAL ; ya ! esc !<br /> call cetak ; cetak "batal"<br /><br /> jmp quit ; dan keluar...<br /><br />noesc:<br /><br /> mov ah,19h<br /> int 21h<br /> mov drive,al ; ambil nama drive !<br /><br /> lea dx,BACADISK ; cetak "baca disk"<br /> call cetak<br /><br /> xor ax,ax ; reset disk drive<br /> int 13h<br /><br /> mov drive,0 ; ** HANYA UNTUK TEST DRV A:. BISA DIBUANG **<br /><br /> mov cx,3 ; baca 3 kali jika ada error<br />lagi:<br /> push cx<br /> mov ax,0201h<br /> mov cx,0001h<br /> mov dl,drive<br /> mov dh,0000h<br /> mov bx,offset Buff ; baca boot sektor<br /> int 13h<br /> pop cx<br /> jnc okay ; ada error ?<br /> loop lagi ; ya ! baca lagi !<br /><br /> lea dx,ERROR ; cetak "error"<br /> call cetak<br /><br /> jmp quit ; keluar<br /><br />okay:<br /> ; cari virus data di Buff<br /> mov si,offset Vir<br /> sub si,OneRec<br /> mov Ctr,0<br />virl:<br /> inc Ctr<br /> add si,OneRec<br /> mov di,offset Buff<br /> add di,[si]<br /> inc si<br /><br /> mov cx,JmlID<br /> repe cmpsb<br /> je kena<br /><br /> cmp Ctr,JmlVir<br /> je absen ; tidak sama ? tidak ada virus<br /> jmp virl<br /><br />kena:<br /> lea dx,ADAVIR ; cetak "ada virus"<br /> call cetak<br /><br /> mov dx,si ; cetak "nama virus"<br /> inc dx<br /> mov di,dx<br /> add di,8<br /> mov byte ptr [di],'$'<br /> call cetak<br /><br /> jmp short quit ; keluar<br /><br />absen:<br /> lea dx,NOVIR ; cetak "takada virus"<br /> call cetak<br /><br />quit:<br /> int 20h<br /><br />cetak proc near<br /> push ax<br /> mov ah,9<br /> int 21h<br /> pop ax<br /> ret<br />cetak endp<br /><br />Buff db 0<br /><br />Code EndS<br /> End Begin<br /></pre>kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-20148438206835180262008-10-29T22:18:00.000-07:002008-10-29T23:55:56.593-07:00SLALOM R1.0<pre><br />(* --------------------------------------------------- *)<br />(* Program Name : SLALOM R1.0 *)<br />(* Program Type : Game (And Demo too...) *)<br />(* Programmer : Kutu Busuk *)<br />(* ZeroBit Tech. Research & Dev. *)<br />(* Compiler : Turbo Pascal 5.50 *)<br />(* Program Code : #M04.93E02.93E04.16.$05.**** *)<br />(* Hardware Config. : AT/286-16MHz, CGA *)<br />(* --------------------------------------------------- *)<br /><br />{$M 65520,0,0,R-}<br /><br />Program Slalom;<br /><br />Uses Dos, Crt;<br /><br />Const<br /> Passed : Boolean = False;<br /> Noise : Boolean = True;<br /> HighScr : Word = 0;<br /> RgArrow = 77; { Scan Code }<br /> LfArrow = 75;<br /> UpArrow = 72;<br /> DnArrow = 80;<br /> F1 = 59;<br /> Esc = 1;<br /> Width = 57; { Lebar Area }<br /> Road = 12; { Lebar Jalan }<br /> MaxDly = 100;<br /> MinDly = 15;<br /> StepDly = 5; { Pakemnya Rem }<br /><br />Var<br /> Int1Ch : Pointer;<br /> Dly,<br /> Pos,<br /> XPos,<br /> Tree,<br /> Inp,<br /> Scan : Byte;<br /> Quit,<br /> RgArrP,<br /> LfArrP,<br /> UpArrP,<br /> DnArrP,<br /> F1P,<br /> EscP,<br /> Press : Boolean;<br /> Dummy : Char;<br /> H,<br /> M,<br /> S,<br /> SD,<br /> Score : Word;<br /> Start,<br /> Stop : Real;<br /><br />Procedure KeyBoardHandler; Interrupt;<br />Begin<br /> Inp := Port[$60];<br /> Scan := Inp AND $7F;<br /> Press := Inp < $80;<br /> Case Scan of<br /> RgArrow : RgArrP := Press;<br /> LfArrow : LfArrP := Press;<br /> UpArrow : UpArrP := Press;<br /> DnArrow : DnArrP := Press;<br /> F1 : F1P := Press;<br /> Esc : EscP := Press;<br /> End;<br /> While KeyPressed do Dummy := ReadKey;<br /> If EscP then Quit := True;<br /> If F1P then<br /> Begin<br /> NoSound;<br /> Noise := NOT Noise;<br /> End;<br />End;<br /><br />Procedure Init;<br />Begin<br /> DirectVideo := False;<br /> CheckBreak := False;<br /> GetIntVec($1C,Int1Ch);<br /> SetIntVec($1C,@KeyBoardHandler);<br /> If Mem[0:$449] <> CO80 then TextMode(CO80);<br /> TextAttr := $1F;<br /> ClrScr;<br /> InLine($b4/1/ { mov ah,1 ; kursor hilang }<br /> $b9/32/32/ { mov cx,2020h }<br /> $cd/$10); { int 10h }<br /> Randomize;<br />End;<br /><br />Procedure Done;<br />Begin<br /> SetIntVec($1C,Int1Ch);<br /> NoSound;<br /> Window(01,01,80,25);<br /> TextAttr := $1F;<br /> ClrScr;<br /> InLine($b4/1/ { mov ah,1 ; kursor ada lagi }<br /> $b9/7/0/ { mov cx,7 }<br /> $cd/$10); { int 10h }<br />End;<br /><br />Procedure WriteXY(X, Y : Byte; St : String);<br />Begin<br /> GotoXY(X,Y);<br /> Write(St);<br />End;<br /><br />Procedure Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Attr, Back : Byte);<br />Begin<br /> Window(X1+2,Y1+1,X2+2,Y2+1);<br /> TextAttr := Back;<br /> ClrScr;<br /> Window(X1,Y1,X2,Y2);<br /> TextAttr := Attr;<br /> ClrScr;<br /> Window(01,01,80,25);<br />End;<br /><br />Procedure Draw;<br />Var X : Byte;<br />Begin<br /> Port[985] := Blue; { BORDER Biru pada CGA }<br /> Box(60,02,78,13,$2F,$07);<br /> WriteXY(62,04,'TOMBOL-TOMBOL :');<br /> WriteXY(64,06,#27' : KIRI');<br /> WriteXY(64,07,#26' : KANAN');<br /> WriteXY(64,08,#24' : GAS');<br /> WriteXY(64,09,#25' : REM');<br /> WriteXY(64,10,'F1 : SUARA');<br /> WriteXY(64,11,'Esc : KELUAR');<br /> Box(60,17,78,24,$4E,$07);<br /> WriteXY(62,18,'® SLALOM R1.0 ¯');<br /> WriteXY(63,20,'NTT :'); Write(HighScr:6);<br /> WriteXY(63,21,'WAKTU :'); Write(20.0:6:1);<br /> WriteXY(63,22,'LAJU :'); Write(0:6);<br /> WriteXY(63,23,'NILAI :'); Write(0:6);<br /> Window(01,01,Width+1,25);<br /> TextAttr := $F;<br /> ClrScr;<br /> Window(01,01,80,25);<br /> For X := 1 to 25 do<br /> Begin<br /> WriteXY(20,X,#178#178);<br /> WriteXY(19+Road,X,#178#178);<br /> End;<br /> WriteXY(22,15,#234);<br /> WriteXY(01,15,'SIAP ?');<br /> For X := 3 downto 1 do<br /> Begin<br /> If Noise then Sound(1000);<br /> Delay(100); NoSound; Delay(900);<br /> GotoXY(01,15); Write('....',X:2);<br /> End;<br /> If Noise then Sound(1000);<br /> Delay(1000);<br /> WriteXY(06,15,'GO !!!');<br /> NoSound;<br />End;<br /><br />Procedure WriteInfo(Score, Gas : Word);<br />Var T : Byte;<br />Begin<br /> T := TextAttr;<br /> TextAttr := $4E;<br /> GotoXY(72,21); Write(20.0 + Start - Stop:4:1);<br /> GotoXY(70,22); Write(Gas:6);<br /> GotoXY(70,23); Write(Score:6);<br /> TextAttr := T;<br />End;<br /><br />Function Enough : Boolean;<br />Var C : Char;<br />Begin<br /> Box(07,08,51,12,$4F,$1E);<br /> WriteXY(10,10,'ENTER UNTUK MAIN LAGI, ESC UNTUK KELUAR');<br /> While KeyPressed do C := ReadKey;<br /> Repeat<br /> C := ReadKey;<br /> Until C IN [#13,#27];<br /> Enough := C = #27;<br />End;<br /><br />Procedure Run;<br />Begin<br /> Draw;<br /> Dly := 50;<br /> Pos := 20;<br /> XPos := 22;<br /> Score := 0;<br /> Quit := False;<br /> RgArrP := False;<br /> LfArrP := False;<br /> UpArrP := False;<br /> DnArrP := False;<br /> F1P := False;<br /> EscP := False;<br /> GetTime(H,M,S,SD);<br /> Start := 3600*H+60*M+S+SD/100;<br /> Repeat<br /> GetTime(H,M,S,SD);<br /> Stop := 3600*H+60*M+S+SD/100;<br /> Passed := ((Stop - Start) > 20.0);<br /> If NOT ((Stop - Start) > 19.0) then<br /> Case Random(20) of<br /> 0..7 : If (Pos > 1) then Dec(Pos);<br /> 8..16 : If (Pos < (Width-Road)) then Inc(Pos);<br /> End;<br /> WriteXY(Pos,1,#178#178);<br /> WriteXY(Pos+Road-1,1,#178#178);<br /> Tree := Random(Width);<br /> If (Tree < Pos) OR (Tree > (Pos+Road)) then<br /> Begin<br /> TextAttr := 9+Random(7);<br /> WriteXY(Tree,1,#177);<br /> TextAttr := $F;<br /> End;<br /> If UpArrP then<br /> Begin<br /> If (Dly > MinDly) then Dec(Dly)<br /> End<br /> else<br /> If (Dly < MaxDly) then Inc(Dly);<br /> If DnArrP AND (Dly < (MaxDly-StepDly)) then<br /> Begin<br /> Inc(Dly,StepDly);<br /> If Noise then Sound(3951); { Suara Rem }<br /> End;<br /> WriteXY(XPos,15,#32);<br /> If (LfArrP AND (XPos > 1)) then Dec(XPos);<br /> If (RgArrP AND (XPos < Width)) then Inc(XPos);<br /> InLine($B8/1/7/ { mov ax,701h ; scroll down }<br /> $31/$C9/ { xor cx,cx }<br /> $B6/24/ { mov dh,24 }<br /> $B2/<Width/ { mov dl,Width }<br /> $B7/$f/ { mov bh,0fh }<br /> $cd/$10); { int 10h }<br /> WriteXY(XPos,15,#234);<br /> If Noise then Sound(20+(MaxDly-Dly)*2); { Suara Mesin }<br /> Delay(Dly);<br /> Inc(Score);<br /> WriteInfo(Score,MinDly+MaxDly-Dly);<br /> If Passed then<br /> Begin<br /> Box(17,18,40,22,$4E,$2F);<br /> GotoXY(72,21); Write(0.0:4:1);<br /> If Score > 200 then<br /> Begin<br /> WriteXY(20,20,'SUKSES ! NILAI ');<br /> Write(Score);<br /> End<br /> else<br /> WriteXY(20,20,'TERLALU LAMBAT !');<br /> If Score > HighScr then<br /> Begin<br /> If HighScr <> 0 then<br /> Begin<br /> Sound(500); Delay(200);<br /> WriteXY(20,21,'NILAI TERTINGGI !!!');<br /> Sound(200); Delay(200);<br /> End;<br /> HighScr := Score;<br /> End;<br /> Sound(500); Delay(200);<br /> Sound(200); Delay(500);<br /> NoSound;<br /> End;<br /> If (Mem[$B800:(XPos-1)*2+13*160] <> 32) then<br /> Begin<br /> Mem[$B800:(XPos-1)*2+14*160+1] := $8C;<br /> Box(17,18,40,22,$4E,$2F);<br /> WriteXY(23,20,'TABRAKAN !!!');<br /> For Dly := 1 to 150 do<br /> Begin<br /> If Noise then Sound(50+Random(700));<br /> Delay(5);<br /> End; { Mobil Meledak ! }<br /> Quit := True;<br /> NoSound;<br /> End;<br /> Until Quit OR Passed;<br />End;<br /><br />BEGIN<br /> Init;<br /> Repeat<br /> Run<br /> Until Enough;<br /> Done;<br />END.<br /></pre>kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-91677397281140026052008-10-28T05:13:00.000-07:002008-10-28T05:19:29.180-07:00Tahun Kadaluwarsa LPG? Bukan!Baru saja saya menerima email mengenai tabung LPG dan insiden tabung meledak yang banyak terjadi. Bahwa agar masyarakat jangan memakai tabung LPG yang tahun kadaluwarsa seperti tertera di tiap tabung tersebut.<br /><br />Setelah saya cek (by the power of Google), ternyata informasi penanggalan di tiap tabung LPG berisikan waktu pembuatan. <br /><br />Lengkapnya ada disini: <a href="http://www.bsn.or.id/files/sni/SNI%201452-2007.pdf">http://www.bsn.or.id/files/sni/SNI%201452-2007.pdf</a><br /><br />Jadi jika kita tidak mau pakai tabung LPG yang penanggalannya sudah lewat, itu malah akan berarti kita tidak dapat memakai tabung LPG manapun.<br /><br />Satu pertanyaan kecil yang membuat saya berfikir, siapa juga yang menulis email tersebut pertama kali?<br /><br />Satu lagi bukti bahwa asal forward email bisa berbahaya.kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-50355499734667494412008-10-07T23:28:00.000-07:002008-10-07T23:33:37.336-07:00brick walls are there for a reason"Brick walls are there for a reason. They let us prove how badly we want things." <br /><br />"Wait long enough, and people will surprise and impress you."<br /><br />...from <a href="http://thelastlecture.com/">Randy Pausch's Last Lecture</a><br /><br />Now what I want most is to spend more time with my family...kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-91401175004265372512008-09-25T19:06:00.001-07:002008-09-25T19:07:28.398-07:00404nice 404 poetry <a href="http://interloper.org/404/404.html">here</a>.<br /><br />btw, happy birthday vee.kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-65360796450451597212008-09-24T19:54:00.000-07:002008-09-24T19:59:16.961-07:0068%thanks to roy suryo, angka 68% menjadi angka keramat di jagad maya.<br /><br />sebetulnya dari mana sih angka tersebut? did roy just pull that number out of his *ss?<br /><br />nope, asalnya ada dari <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68-95-99.7_rule">sini</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-82120986755016974942008-09-22T03:05:00.000-07:002008-09-22T03:08:01.276-07:00Work Offer FraudIt seems that Nigerian <a href="http://www.419eater.com">419 scams</a> has been raised one level. They are somehow harvesting victim data from some employment board. Which board? I dunno yet, because the samples I am receiving are very limited.<br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/workofferfraud/">Here you go...</a>kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-33834763618014680372008-09-04T23:28:00.001-07:002008-09-04T23:28:42.520-07:00Buku Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia SD Kelas 1 Catur Wulan 1<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/2829584088/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3006/2829584088_fc43e60b23_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gundul/2829584088/">Buku Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia SD Kelas 1 Catur Wulan 1 </a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/gundul/">aip_</a></span></div>The most sacred book (for anak SD kelas 1.. apalagi yang belum bisa baca... the holiest of the holy).. hehehe<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-89108525629636830032008-09-01T18:07:00.001-07:002008-09-01T18:07:50.265-07:00Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/alol/73834236/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/35/73834236_89a7a9cc53_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/alol/73834236/">Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/alol/">Alol</a></span></div>The picture as referred by Steve Jobs on his <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1R-jKKp3NA">Stanford Class 2005 Commencement Speech</a>.<br /><br />The text is <a href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html">here</a>.<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3014391.post-4785414137669781992008-08-29T11:36:00.001-07:002008-08-29T11:36:48.833-07:00Tubelover 10Y-RE604 Amplifier<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/12839613@N05/2126390189/" title="photo sharing"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2135/2126390189_612f9a1903_m.jpg" alt="" style="border: solid 2px #000000;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/12839613@N05/2126390189/">Tubelover 10Y-RE604 Amplifier</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/12839613@N05/">Tubelover</a></span></div>IDR 40.000.000,-... yummeh..<br clear="all" />kutubusukhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08031695322628816920noreply@blogger.com0